How DSL Works

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) gives you broadband access over your existing

copper telephone wires. A DSL connection to the Internet is a high-speed, ‘always

on’ (you don’t need to dial up your ISP each time you want to connect)

connection that lets you use your telephone lines for making and receiving calls

and for Internet access simultaneously. In this article, we’ll take a closer

look at different types of DSL and how DSL works.

DSL is also known as xDSL, with the ‘x’ standing for various kinds of DSL

technologies. These technologies differ in the connect speed and connection

(asymmetric or symmetric) they provide. A point to note in DSL technology,

whatever the flavor, is that there’s a trade-off between speed and distance.

That is, the more the distance between your premises and those of the service

provider, the lower the speed you’re likely to get. So, DSL works best if you’re

closer to the premises of your service provider.

DSL flavors

Some popular kinds of DSL are:



ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, as the name suggests, is an asymmetric
connection, that is, it provides higher speeds for downstream (from the Internet

to the user) data than for upstream (from the user to the Internet) data. This

kind of Net usage pattern is seen most in homes and among individual users,

where downstream data usually includes graphics, audio, and video, while there

isn’t much data to transfer upstream. Downstream speeds for ADSL range from

1.5—9 Mbps, while upstream speeds are up to 1.5 Mbps, for a distance of 18,000

feet from the service provider’s premises.

ADSL Lite (or G.lite) This is a lower speed version of ADSL and provides

downstream speeds of up to 1Mbps and upstream speeds of 512 kbps, at a distance

of 18,000 feet from the service provider’s premises. It is intended to

simplify DSL installation at the user’s end.

R-ADSL The Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line provides the same

transmission rates as ADSL, but an R-ADSL modem can dynamically adjust the speed

of the connection depending on the length and quality of the line.

HDSL The High Bit-Rate Digital Subscriber Line provides a symmetric

connection, that is, upstream speeds and downstream speeds are the same, and

range from 1.544 Mbps to 2.048 Mbps at a distance of 12,000—15,000 feet.

Symmetric connections are more useful in applications like videoconferencing,

where data sent upstream is as heavy as data sent downstream. HDSL-II, which

will provide the same transmission rates but over a single copper-pair wire, is

also round the block.

IDSL The ISDN Digital Subscriber Line provides up to 144 kbps transmission

speeds at a distance of 18,000 feet (can be extended), and uses the same

techniques to transfer data as ISDN lines. The advantage is that, unlike ISDN,

this is an ‘always on’ connection.

SDSL The Single-line Digital Subscriber Line provides symmetric transmissions

at rates similar to HDSL. The difference is that it uses a single copper-pair

wire to do so (while HDSL uses two or three), and operates at a maximum distance

of 10,000 feet from the service provider’s premises.

VDSL The Very High Bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line is the fastest of all

xDSL flavors and provides transmission rates of 13—52 Mbps downstream and 1.5—2.3

Mbps upstream over a single copper-pair wire, at a distance of 1,000—4,500

feet from the service provider’s premises.

Of these, ADSL and HDSL have found the widest implementation, the former

being more popular for home usage.

How DSL works

To illustrate how DSL works, we’ll use the example of an ADSL connection

from your home to your service provider’s central office (CO).

In DSL, voice and data get transferred simultaneously over your existing

twisted-pair copper telephone lines by using different frequency ranges on the

same line. Voice is transferred on lower frequency bands and data on higher

ones.

The technology to do this resides in the DSL transceiver or modem that’s

installed both at your end and at the end of your service provider. A DSL modem

on your end sends data over the telephone line to your service provider’s CO.

At the CO, a DSL Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) terminates and aggregates incoming

ADSL lines. It redirects the voice traffic to the public switched telephone

network (PSTN) and the data to a high-speed digital line that connects to the

Internet. Let’s look at the nitty-gritty of the process.

The DSL modem on your end divides the available bandwidth of a telephone line

using either frequency division multiplexing (FDM) or echo cancellation. In FDM,

one frequency band is assigned for upstream data and another one for downstream

data. The downstream path is then divided into high-speed and low-speed

channels, and the upstream path into low-speed channels. In echo cancellation,

the upstream path overlaps the downstream path and the two are separated by a

method called local echo cancellation. For both these methods to work, you need

to install low-pass filters or splitters, called POTS (Plain Old Telephony

Service) splitters, with your DSL modem. These separate low frequency voice

signals from high frequency data signals, so that one doesn’t interfere with

the other, and you get simultaneous access to telephone and Internet services.

Such a splitter would be installed at the CO too. Since human voice can be

transmitted below a frequency of 4 kHz, most low-pass filters block access above

4 kHz.

Transmitting data with DSL

Transmitting digital data over an analog (telephone) line is a complex

process, and various problems can arise. In copper lines, distortion is higher

on higher frequencies, and since digital data requires higher frequencies,

transmitting it is a challenge. There are also problems like thermal noise,

crosstalk (interference between nearby cables), and attenuation (signal loss

because signal power diminishes as it travels across a medium, especially for

long distances). DSL modems use a process called modulation to address some of

these problems. Modulation also enables the transfer of large amounts of digital

data, which is what makes DSL a high-bandwidth solution.

Simply speaking, modulation is a method by which a data signal is transferred

from one point to another over long distance. The data signal is first put on

top of what’s called the carrier signal, which is stronger either in amplitude

or frequency. The resulting encoded signal is then sent and recovered at the

receiving end by a process called demodulation. In DSL, the message signal from

a sending modem modifies a high-frequency carrier signal to form a modulated

wave. At the CO, the receiving modem demodulates this signal to recover the

data.

DSL uses either Carrierless Amplitude Phase (CAP) or Discrete MultiTone (DMT)

to modify the carrier signal. Both of these use the same modulation technique–Quadrature

Amplitude Modulation (QAM)–but implement it in different ways. Let’s take a

look at how they’re implemented.

In QAM, two independent message signals are used to modulate two carrier

signals that have the same frequencies, but different amplitude and phase

states. This enables bandwidth conservation by allowing two digital carrier

signals to get transmitted on the same bandwidth. QAM receivers can make out

whether to use lower or higher numbers of amplitude and phase states to overcome

noise and interference during transmission.

CAP uses a slightly complicated procedure, in which the carrier signal is

suppressed before transmission.

So the message signal is first modulated by a carrier signal and stored in

memory. Then, pieces of this modulated signal are reassembled and passed through

a band-shaping filter before being transmitted. The band-shaping filter actually

imposes a carrier on this assembled signal, converting it into a modulated wave.

The advantage with CAP is that it has lower peak-to-average signal power ratio

relative to DMT. So its end equipment requires lesser power than DMT. CAP also

tests the quality of the access line before transmitting and implements the most

efficient version of QAM so as to minimize signal loss during transmission.

DMT divides the available carrier frequencies into 256 discrete sub-channels

or tones, and checks for the carrying capacity of each sub-channel before

transmission. Data is then divided into bits and distributed to sub-channels

depending on their ability to carry the transmission. Because higher-frequency

signals on copper lines suffer more loss due to noise than lower-frequency ones,

more data is sent on lower frequencies than on higher ones.

Between CAP and DMT, CAP is less expensive, but is not an industry standard.

DMT is an industry standard supported by American National Standards Institute

(ANSI), European Telecom Standards Institute (ETSI), and International

Telecommunications Union (ITU). A variant of DMT, called DWMT or Discrete

Wavelet MultiTone, is under development. This isolates the sub-channels even

further. Once fully developed, it may become the de facto ADSL protocol for

long-distance transmission, especially where high interference is prevalent.

Other versions of DMT, like Synchronized DMT and Zipper are being proposed for

use with VDSL.

DSL is being implemented in various parts of the world and is becoming a

popular choice for providing content like multimedia communications,

video-on-demand, Internet and intranet access, and remote LAN access on your PC.

However, there are issues like interoperability of various xDSL technologies,

interference between different services in the same binder group (a collection

of twisted pair wires that share a common ‘sheath’) which can result in

degradation of nearby signals that need to be resolved before xDSL technologies

can be widely deployed.

Pragya Madan