alt=" We used our HP 54603B digitizing storage oscilloscope to capture the waveforms. A trigger was fed to it through an isolator circuit (also designed at IDDC, IIT), and the waveform was later transferred to a PC using BenchLink for Windows"
align="right" hspace="5" vspace="5">Our test suite has evolved over
the years, based on changing user requirements and expectations. We also consider reader
and vendor feedback when designing the tests. This year, the test suite has remained more
or less the same as in the year before, with some modifications. As usual, we used the
three-axis model of price, performance, and features to judge the UPSs. To assign weights
to the parameters, we used a statistical method called the Brown-Gibson model.
The qualifying round
We had specified the following as
qualifying entry criterion for the UPS shootout: the UPS should be a currently-available
model rated at 400 VA or more, and priced at or below Rs 10,000.
Thus, before performing the evaluation, we
subjected all UPSs to a qualifying test round to knock out any that didn’t
live up to the 400 VA spec.
height="174"
alt="The test circuits, designed by IIT Delhi’s IDDC labs, measure voltage during switchover and backup time; the load circuit simulates a typical computer SMPS load but can be varied to the required load equivalent"
align="left" hspace="5" vspace="5">We connected a load of 248W at a power factor of 0.62
(equivalent to 400 VA), and checked how many UPSs were able to sustain the load when
switched to battery. We used the same simulated computer-SMPS load with every UPS. To
capture the waveforms, an HP 54603B digital oscilloscope running in single shot mode was
used.
Similarly, we subjected the UPSs to
anonymous price checks in the market, marking and rechecking suspect ones, and eliminating
those that did not qualify as below Rs 10,000 (street or list price, whichever was lower).
After the qualifying round, the following
parameters were measured for each UPS:
COLOR="#000000">More than 220 V (very good)
2
0
characteristic: The droop voltage, the minimum DC voltage maintained at the electrical
load during switchover to or from battery, should be at least 200VDC
variation
COLOR="#000000">Less than 10%
2
1
0
stability: A good UPS should be able to keep its output voltage stable to within 10%
of 220 V, however much the input mains voltage varies
when mains voltage varies by
COLOR="#000000">Less than 20% (best)
2
1
(average)
0
voltage tolerance: A good UPS should be able to stay on mains without switching to
battery even when the mains varies by as much as 20% of 220 V
Performance
Switchover characteristic: This decides
how quickly and cleanly the UPS can switch over to battery, on a mains fault. If it
doesn’t do so fast enough, your PC could reboot or lose data. This decides
how quickly and cleanly the UPS can switch over to battery, on a mains fault. If it
doesn’t do so fast enough, your PC could reboot or lose data.
While we have the equipment to easily
measure this switchover time in milliseconds, the results are not always representative of
reality with real-life PCs. We have thus arrived at another measure, which more accurately
represents the switchover characteristic of a UPS under a PC’s SMPS load: the
"droop voltage".
This is the minimum rectified DC voltage
that the UPS maintains at the load while switching from mains to battery or vice versa.
It is essential that this value remains above 220 V DC for the safe operation of a PC.
UPSs were awarded points based on whether they sustained this voltage during and after the
switchover (see table: Switchover characteristic).
To measure this "droop voltage",
we used a test circuit developed by IDDC Labs at IIT Delhi. The circuit cuts off the line
voltage supplied to the UPS, and a negative peak detector detects the minimum rectified
output voltage. The value is captured in the digital storage oscilloscope, and the
waveform recorded on our PC over a serial link.
Output voltage stability:
This testmeasured and documented the output voltage stability of each UPS–the minimum and
maximum voltages the UPS gave when the input mains voltage varied widely. A well-designed
UPS should be able to keep its output voltage range within 10% of the line voltage of 220
V. This test
measured and documented the output voltage stability of each UPS–the minimum and
maximum voltages the UPS gave when the input mains voltage varied widely. A well-designed
UPS should be able to keep its output voltage range within 10% of the line voltage of 220
V.
Voltage tolerance:
This is themaximum and minimum line voltage at which a UPS can supply power to your PC without
switching to battery. A good UPS should be able to stay on mains power without switching
over to battery, even when the line voltage varies by 20% of 220V. (See table: Voltage
tolerance.) This is the
maximum and minimum line voltage at which a UPS can supply power to your PC without
switching to battery. A good UPS should be able to stay on mains power without switching
over to battery, even when the line voltage varies by 20% of 220V. (See table: Voltage
tolerance.)
Backup time:
To perform this test,we first measured the actual power consumed by two Pentium II machines with 15" color
monitors. This value came to an average of 185 W, which is approximately equal to 300 VA,
at a power factor of 0.62. A 400 VA UPS should easily be able to handle this load, and
give a backup for several minutes, at least. We thus set our test load to exactly this
value, throughout the backup timing tests for all UPSs. The greater the backup time for
this load, the more the points. To perform this test,
we first measured the actual power consumed by two Pentium II machines with 15" color
monitors. This value came to an average of 185 W, which is approximately equal to 300 VA,
at a power factor of 0.62. A 400 VA UPS should easily be able to handle this load, and
give a backup for several minutes, at least. We thus set our test load to exactly this
value, throughout the backup timing tests for all UPSs. The greater the backup time for
this load, the more the points.
This represents a change from last year,
where we set our load to 80 percent of the vendor’s claimed rating for each UPS.
Several readers asked us why we should vary our load based on the manufacturer spec of the
UPS, when users compare different UPSs for a fixed load, rather than changing their load
based on the UPS they buy! This is a very logical point of view, and we adapted our tests
to work with a fixed and consistent load across all UPSs.
A frequent reader question: why use a
simulated load rather than an actual PC? Several reasons, the top two being that a PC load
varies remarkably, depending on disk access, multimedia, display content, etc, while we
can freeze our simulated load at a constant value throughout. Also, we can adjust our
simulated load to a precisely calibrated value. However, our simulated load represents all
the characteristics of a real PC SMPS load, which is very different from those of table
lamps or other loads!
Cold start:
UPS to start up a load directly from the battery even when there is no line voltage
present. It comes in useful if you’re without mains power, but have to start up your
PC. Even when your UPS is on battery, this is far stressful for the UPS than a simple
switchover from mains to battery. Our test was done with the same load setting as used in
the backup test. This is the ability of a
UPS to start up a load directly from the battery even when there is no line voltage
present. It comes in useful if you’re without mains power, but have to start up your
PC. Even when your UPS is on battery, this is far stressful for the UPS than a simple
switchover from mains to battery. Our test was done with the same load setting as used in
the backup test.
Some UPSs had a separate switch that
provided the initial boot to cold-start the load.
Float voltage:
This represents thecharging voltage and is measured across a fully-charged battery with the UPS and charging
circuit "alive and active". This is usually the highest voltage you will find
across the battery. If the float voltage is too low, the battery will not charge
efficiently. If it is too high, batteries can overheat and this will reduce their life.
Lead-acid batteries are made of multiple 2-volt cells, so a 12-volt battery has six cells.
The float voltage should be about 2.17 to 2.30 volts per cell. This represents the
charging voltage and is measured across a fully-charged battery with the UPS and charging
circuit "alive and active". This is usually the highest voltage you will find
across the battery. If the float voltage is too low, the battery will not charge
efficiently. If it is too high, batteries can overheat and this will reduce their life.
Lead-acid batteries are made of multiple 2-volt cells, so a 12-volt battery has six cells.
The float voltage should be about 2.17 to 2.30 volts per cell.
This year we have taken the lower limit as
2.17 VDC because at this point the battery will be fully charged and this voltage would
not adversely affect battery life. This is also based on vendor and reader feedback.
FACE="Arial" SIZE="2" COLOR="#000000">Performance
Switchover
characteristic
Maximum output
Minimum output
Maximum switchover
voltage
Minimum switchover
voltage
Backup time
Cold start
Float voltage
Documentation
Indicators
Control software
Compactness
Others
Cost per VA/
backup-minute
Battery warranty
Price
This year, we set an upper price limit of
Rs 10,000 and invited the vendors to submit their best above-400 VA models in this range.
To calculate the cost-effectiveness of each UPS, we used two factors: cost per VA per
minute of backup, and battery warranty.
Cost per VA/minute of backup: The ratio
of the cost per VA to the backup in minutes was calculated. The list price of the UPS and
the VA rating given by the vendor was taken into account. However, we cross-checked the
prices of the UPSs in the market. We took the backup time which we got using our test load
for the calculation. UPSs with lower cost per VA/backup got better scores. The ratio
of the cost per VA to the backup in minutes was calculated. The list price of the UPS and
the VA rating given by the vendor was taken into account. However, we cross-checked the
prices of the UPSs in the market. We took the backup time which we got using our test load
for the calculation. UPSs with lower cost per VA/backup got better scores.
Battery warranty:
Some UPSs comewith different warranties for the batteries and the UPS. We considered the lower of the
two. The higher the battery warranty, the higher the score; the UPSs were rated relative
to the highest scorer. Some UPSs come
with different warranties for the batteries and the UPS. We considered the lower of the
two. The higher the battery warranty, the higher the score; the UPSs were rated relative
to the highest scorer.
Features
Documentation: A good UPS manual should
at least contain information about the UPS, how to set it up, and a troubleshooting
section. If a UPS manual contained all these, it got a 1, otherwise it got a zero. A good UPS manual should
at least contain information about the UPS, how to set it up, and a troubleshooting
section. If a UPS manual contained all these, it got a 1, otherwise it got a zero.
Indicators:
We rated each UPS withrespect to the information and controls available on the front panel. The ones that
provided more information and had better controls like battery and load conditions were
given 2. The rest of them were given 1. We rated each UPS with
respect to the information and controls available on the front panel. The ones that
provided more information and had better controls like battery and load conditions were
given 2. The rest of them were given 1.
Control software:
If the UPS camewith optional software it got a 1, else a zero. For those that came with software that was
part of the package, an additional point was given. If the UPS came
with optional software it got a 1, else a zero. For those that came with software that was
part of the package, an additional point was given.
Compactness:
Here we rated each UPSon a relative basis. The most compact ones were given 2 points whereas the bulkier ones
were given 0 points. Mid-sized UPSs got 1 point. Here we rated each UPS
on a relative basis. The most compact ones were given 2 points whereas the bulkier ones
were given 0 points. Mid-sized UPSs got 1 point.
Others:
In this category, weconsidered all the extra features that came bundled with the UPS. These included features
like provision for extended backup, a telephone/fax protection port, etc. If it had extra
features, it got a 1, else a 0. In this category, we
considered all the extra features that came bundled with the UPS. These included features
like provision for extended backup, a telephone/fax protection port, etc. If it had extra
features, it got a 1, else a 0.